The Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) is the most common and famous species recognized worldwide. It is a hardy species found in woodland, grassland, and more across the globe except Antarctica. The following are some of the usual questions people ask regarding bracken ferns, classification, functions, poisonous nature, and environmental effects.
What does it appear like?
This plant has large, triangular, fronded leaves reaching heights of 8 feet, with the standard size range being 3 to 6 feet. A single frond is relatively large and bears many branches to have a feathery structure with leaflets radiating planarly. The central axis of the fern, or rachis, may be rigid; it is green in youth but dark brown or reddish in older plants. In summer and autumn, bracken leaves may be yellow or brown before wilting.
Where does bracken fern grow?
Bracken fern grows in several environs. This plant grows in forests, meadows, mountains, and grasslands. It likes growing in acidic, well-draining soil, though it can survive in poorer soils and thrives in a range of climates from cold temperate to tropical. This accounts for why bracken fern is known to be a 'cosmopolitan' species that grows in numerous parts of the globe.
Is bracken fern toxic?
Bracken fern is regarded as a toxic plant. It has a chemical known as ptaquiloside, poisonous to any living human or other animal. Large consumption of bracken fern is poisonous in humans and can cause nausea and vomiting and may lead to cancers. Although bracken is toxic to most animals and birds, livestock, especially mature cattle, are most affected if they feed on the plant over a long duration. It can be recommended to avoid it as food.
However, there is evidence that inhabitants of given-world areas have been using bracken fern as a food product-cooked potherb, starting from young uncurled fronds appropriately called 'fiddleheads.' Bracken fern fiddleheads must be washed several times with water changes before they become safe for consumption. However, health experts advise avoiding taking bracken in large doses because some toxins remain even after all those years.
What is the pharmaceutical use of bracken fern?
Today, bracken fern has been used in traditional medicine in different societies. Some indigenous people used it to cure skin diseases, while others thought it could cure coughs, sore throats, or wounds. Nevertheless, given the toxic nature of the plant, these practices are rare, and today's physicians frown at using the fern because of the dangers accompanying ptaquiloside.
Could bracken fern have some advantages from an ecological point of view?
Even though bracken fern is regarded as an aggressive weed, certain ecological advantages are associated with the plant. It is home to small animals and insects; it can also greatly assist in checking instances of soil erosion depending on the spread of the root system. It grows low to the ground and forms a foliage layer covering the soil, thus improving the microclimate by lowering the ground temperature and conserving moisture. This may be beneficial to some undertakers in the forests. Furthermore, those fallen fronds decompose on the ground, providing manure to the remainder of terrestrial vegetation.
For this reason, while it will host a great abundance of wildflowers and other plants when it becomes established in some areas, it outcompetes other species and changes the plant community structure.
How and when can I control or eliminate bracken fern?
Controlling bracken fern is problematic because it sprouts through rhizomes and can grow into the ground. Mechanical control, like slashing, mowing, etc., can also be used. Manual pulling is rather time-consuming, but it may be effective in restricted areas, mainly if done to such a depth as to remove many of the rhizomes. In some cases, herbicides are used, while in other cases, care must be taken not to harm any other plant. Bracken fern can be managed or considerably reduced by grazing animals, mainly sheep, who feed on emerging shoots that look like young plants.
What association does bracken fern have with cancer?
The ptaquiloside toxin in bracken fern has been found to induce carcinogenicity. Scientific research has established a link between the large intake of bracken fern and esophageal and stomach cancers in areas where this fern is part of local cuisines. This toxin is heat stable, which implies that boiling or cooking the fern does not flush out the cancer hazard. Scientists, however, advise that the consumption of bracken fern should not be taken regularly due to this danger.
Can bracken fern be used as mulch?
Although bracken fern can be employed as more widely used mulch, care must be taken. It has some toxic compounds that may dissolve into the soil, affecting any plants around it and even reducing soil fertility in the future. For this reason, some gardeners do not use bracken fern as a mulch and resort to using other organic materials. However, where there is no other option and bracken is dominant, bracken fronds cannot be used as mulch if they are not decomposed, but if they are sufficiently dried, they may be used in the short term.
Is bracken fern safe for animals or forage?
Though bracken fern is green and tender to some animals' digestion system, it contains poisonous qualities to the consuming animal. Horses, sheep, and especially cattle are sensitive to bracken poisoning. They may exhibit signs of depression, incoordination, or lethargy, which may be progressive and possibly fatal. Cattle and buffaloes can tolerate the toxin to a slight extent and are also included if they reach high quantities. In general, feeding bracken fern is not advisable for any stock.
How can I differentiate bracken fern from other similar plants?
Bracken fern is quite similar, if not identical, to other ferns such as lady fern or ostrich fern. Nonetheless, bracken fronds are a bit big, and the leaves are arranged almost horizontally to form a base in a triangle shape. Bracken has no single central stem like many other ferns, though it is highly branched. Also, the bracken is less abundant in leaves than other ferns, and the leaves are more feathery and small than those of different ferns.
What role does bracken fern play in traditional culture?
Some cultures associated this plant with some specific meaning or significance. Young fronds of bracken are eaten in Japan and Korea, where they are referred to as 'wasabi' and are used both in traditional dishes. The indigenous peoples of North America had been consuming the parts of bracken, both the young fiddleheads, as food and medicine, although bracken is toxic to humans.
Conclusion
Bracken fern is a biologically versatile plant species. Although it is used in many other ecological systems, its poisonous nature and aggressive growth pattern present problems in landscape-managed areas. Fact-finding about these uses and dangers of bracken fern will enable different folks to understand and manage this species as part of nature.
